Your Guide To Caribana Festival In Toronto
Introduction
Welcome to the vibrant and energetic world of Caribana Festival in Toronto! This annual celebration of Caribbean culture, music, and food has been captivating both locals and tourists for over five decades. Held in the heart of Canada’s largest city, Caribana has become a cornerstone of Toronto’s multicultural identity.
Caribana is a showcase of the rich and diverse traditions of the Caribbean, highlighting the vibrant cultures of countries such as Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, and many more. The festival typically takes place in July or August, transforming the city into a lively hub of colorful costumes, pulsating rhythms, and mouthwatering aromas.
Started in 1967 as a way to celebrate Canada’s centennial year, Caribana was originally a one-day event. However, it quickly grew into one of the largest Caribbean festivals in the world, attracting millions of visitors each year. Today, Caribana spans several weeks, with a wide array of events and activities that showcase the best of Caribbean culture.
Throughout its history, Caribana has not only become an important cultural celebration but also a symbol of unity and inclusivity. It serves as a platform for diverse communities to come together, share their heritage, and promote understanding among different cultures.
Whether you’re a music lover, a food enthusiast, or simply looking to immerse yourself in a vibrant and diverse atmosphere, Caribana offers something for everyone. From the colorful parade to the thrilling performances, the festival embodies the spirit of the Caribbean and promises a memorable experience for all who attend.
History of Caribana Festival
The roots of Caribana can be traced back to the mid-1960s when a group of Caribbean immigrants, led by Howard McCurdy and Stephen Hector, sought to showcase their vibrant culture and traditions in Toronto. Inspired by the Carnival festivities of their homelands, they organized the first Caribana celebration in 1967 as part of Canada’s centennial celebrations.
Originally intended as a one-day event, Caribana quickly gained popularity and expanded into a full-fledged festival. The Caribbean community in Toronto, along with supporters from diverse backgrounds, came together to create an annual extravaganza that would celebrate their heritage and unite people of all cultures.
Over the years, Caribana evolved into one of the largest and most renowned cultural festivals in North America. It became a vibrant reflection of Toronto’s multiculturalism, showcasing the vibrant traditions, music, dance, and cuisine of the Caribbean islands.
Despite facing financial challenges in the early years, Caribana continued to grow thanks to the unwavering support of the community and the dedication of countless volunteers. The festival became a vital platform for Caribbean artists, musicians, and performers to showcase their talents and gain recognition.
In 1991, the Festival Management Committee (FMC) was established to ensure the sustainable growth and development of Caribana. The FMC introduced innovative ideas and initiatives, such as the Junior Carnival and Calypso Monarch competitions, which added new dimensions to the festival and increased community engagement.
Throughout its history, Caribana has faced its fair share of challenges, including financial struggles and organizational changes. However, the festival has consistently overcome these obstacles, remaining a vibrant and beloved event that draws crowds from all over the world.
Today, Caribana continues to evolve, embracing new art forms, cultural expressions, and technological advancements to keep the festival fresh and relevant. It serves as a beacon of Caribbean culture, fostering inclusivity, and promoting cultural exchange in the multicultural fabric of Toronto.
The Significance of Caribana in Toronto
Caribana holds immense significance for the city of Toronto, both culturally and economically. It has become an integral part of Toronto’s identity, representing the diversity and inclusivity that makes the city thrive.
One of the primary contributions of Caribana is its celebration of Caribbean culture and heritage. The festival provides a platform for the Caribbean community to showcase their traditions, music, dance, and cuisine, preserving and promoting their rich cultural heritage. It allows Caribbean immigrants and their descendants to reconnect with their roots and pass down their traditions to future generations.
Moreover, Caribana serves as an opportunity for different cultural communities to come together and celebrate diversity. The festival promotes understanding, respect, and appreciation for various cultures within Toronto and beyond. It fosters a sense of unity and encourages intercultural dialogue, breaking down barriers and building bridges between communities.
Caribana also plays a significant role in the tourism industry of Toronto. Each year, the festival attracts millions of visitors from all over the world, boosting the local economy and supporting businesses in the hospitality, entertainment, and retail sectors. Hotels, restaurants, and shops benefit from the influx of tourists who come to experience the vibrant festivities, contributing to the overall prosperity of the city.
Beyond its cultural and economic contributions, Caribana has a profound social impact on the city. The festival provides opportunities for aspiring artists, musicians, and performers to showcase their talents and gain exposure. It serves as a catalyst for artistic expression and creativity within the Caribbean community and beyond.
Moreover, Caribana has become an educational tool for the wider community to learn about the Caribbean culture, history, and contributions. Through participation in workshops, performances, and exhibitions, both locals and tourists gain a deeper understanding and appreciation for the Caribbean heritage, fostering cultural literacy and dialogue.
In summary, Caribana holds immense significance for Toronto due to its cultural, economic, and social contributions. It celebrates the Caribbean culture, promotes diversity, and brings communities together. It generates tourism, boosts the local economy, and serves as a platform for artistic expression. Caribana is not just a festival but a symbol of Toronto’s vibrant multiculturalism and a testament to the city’s commitment to inclusivity and unity.
Events and Activities during Caribana
Caribana offers a wide range of exciting events and activities that cater to different interests and age groups. From colorful parades to music concerts, there is something for everyone to enjoy during this vibrant festival. Here are some of the main events and activities that take place during Caribana:
1. The Grand Parade: The highlight of Caribana is undoubtedly the Grand Parade, a magnificent procession of vibrant costumes, pulsating music, and electrifying dance performances. The parade features a variety of themed floats representing different Caribbean countries, accompanied by masqueraders who showcase their intricate and breathtaking costumes. It is a feast for the senses, with vibrant colors, joyful music, and energetic dance routines filling the streets of Toronto.
2. Junior Carnival: Caribana also includes a Junior Carnival, a day dedicated to celebrating the talents and creativity of young participants. Children and teenagers dress up in colorful costumes and take part in their own parade, showcasing their dance routines and performances. The Junior Carnival allows younger generations to actively engage in the festival and embrace their Caribbean heritage.
3. Calypso Monarch Competition: Music lovers can enjoy the Calypso Monarch Competition, where talented artists compete to be crowned the Calypso Monarch of Caribana. Calypso, a traditional Caribbean music genre, combines humor, social commentary, and infectious rhythms, captivating the audience with its catchy melodies and witty lyrics. The competition showcases the best of Calypso music, providing a platform for musicians to showcase their talents and entertain the crowd.
4. Steel Pan Competition: The Steel Pan Competition is another highlight of Caribana, showcasing the mesmerizing sounds of the steel drums. Musicians compete in different categories, demonstrating their skill and creativity while playing these unique musical instruments. The steel pan is an integral part of Caribbean culture, and this event allows visitors to experience the captivating melodies and intricate rhythms that define this art form.
5. Caribbean Cuisine: Food plays a central role in Caribana, and visitors can indulge in a wide array of delicious Caribbean dishes. From jerk chicken to roti, from oxtail stew to doubles, the festival offers a diverse range of flavors and spices that will tantalize your taste buds. Food vendors line the streets, serving up traditional Caribbean delicacies, allowing visitors to experience the authentic flavors of the region.
6. Cultural Exhibitions and Workshops: Throughout Caribana, there are a variety of cultural exhibitions and workshops where attendees can learn about different aspects of Caribbean culture. These interactive experiences provide opportunities to participate in traditional dance workshops, learn about Carnival costume design, explore the history and traditions of the Caribbean, and engage with artists and artisans.
These are just a few examples of the numerous events and activities that take place during Caribana. The festival offers a vibrant and immersive experience, allowing visitors to explore the rich culture, music, dance, and cuisine of the Caribbean in an unforgettable way.
Parade Highlights
The Caribana Parade is the crown jewel of the festival, attracting thousands of spectators who line the streets of Toronto to witness the grand spectacle. Here are some of the highlights of the Caribana Parade:
1. Vibrant Costumes: One of the most striking elements of the Caribana Parade is the vibrant and elaborate costumes worn by participants. The costumes are meticulously designed with intricate details, feathers, sequins, and dazzling embellishments. Each costume tells a story, representing various themes, historical events, or cultural motifs. The riot of colors and stunning visual displays create a mesmerizing and awe-inspiring experience for both participants and onlookers.
2. Themed Floats: The parade features a stunning array of themed floats that represent different Caribbean countries and cultural identities. These floats are beautifully decorated, often featuring iconic symbols, landmarks, or historical references. The floats become mobile stages, showcasing captivating performances and music while transporting participants and spectators on a journey through Caribbean culture and heritage.
3. Energetic Dance Performances: The Caribana Parade is a non-stop celebration of dance, with participants showcasing energetic and synchronized dance routines. The pulsating rhythms of soca, reggae, and calypso music provide the infectious soundtrack as dancers move to the beat, captivating the crowd with their skill and enthusiasm. Spectators are often encouraged to join in the dancing, adding to the festive and inclusive atmosphere.
4. Masquerade Bands: Masquerade bands play a significant role in the Caribana Parade, with groups of masqueraders dressed in stunning costumes moving together in unison. Each band has its own unique theme and choreographed routines, creating a captivating visual display. The masquerade bands contribute to the vibrant and lively atmosphere of the parade, showcasing the creativity and artistry of the participants.
5. International Guest Performers: The Caribana Parade attracts international guest performers who add star power and diversity to the procession. Renowned artists from the Caribbean and beyond often join the parade, bringing their talent and charisma to the festivities. These guest performers offer captivating performances and add an extra level of excitement for spectators.
6. Community Involvement: The Caribana Parade is a community-driven event, and many participants are members of local Caribbean community organizations, schools, and businesses. The parade provides an opportunity for these groups to come together, showcase their talents, and contribute to the vibrant atmosphere. The strong sense of community and pride is evident in the enthusiasm and energy displayed during the parade.
The Caribana Parade is a feast for the senses, immersing spectators in the colors, music, and energy of Caribbean culture. It is a celebration of unity, diversity, and the rich heritage of the Caribbean, creating an unforgettable experience for all who witness this extraordinary event.
Costume Competitions
One of the most thrilling aspects of Caribana Festival is the costume competitions, where participants showcase their creativity, craftsmanship, and cultural pride through their elaborate and eye-catching costumes. These competitions are a highlight of the festival, drawing participants from all over the world to compete for recognition and prizes. Here are some of the key costume competitions at Caribana:
1. King and Queen Competition: The King and Queen Competition is the pinnacle of the costume showcase at Caribana. Participants vie for the titles of King and Queen of the Carnival, wearing costumes that can reach breathtaking heights and lengths. These extravagant costumes often incorporate intricate detailing, feathers, sequins, beading, and embellishments, becoming larger-than-life works of art. The competition judges assess the creativity, craftsmanship, and stage presence of the participants as they parade in their stunning costumes.
2. Individual and Band Categories: In addition to the King and Queen Competition, Caribana also features costume competitions in various individual and band categories. These categories provide opportunities for participants of all ages and experience levels to showcase their talents and express their creativity. Individuals and groups compete in different themed categories, with their costumes representing cultural symbols, historical events, or imaginative concepts.
3. Junior Carnival Costume Competition: The Junior Carnival Costume Competition is a highly anticipated event during Caribana, exclusively for young participants. Children and teenagers showcase their artistic skills and cultural pride by designing and wearing their own costumes. This competition allows the younger generation to actively participate in the festival and embrace their heritage, fostering a sense of creativity and cultural connection from an early age.
4. Carnival Bands: Carnival bands also compete in costume competitions, showcasing their collective creativity and synchronization. These bands often consist of a large group of masqueraders who wear matching or themed costumes. The costume designs and presentations of these bands are carefully choreographed, forming a visual spectacle that represents the unity and vibrant spirit of the Caribbean culture.
Costume competitions at Caribana not only highlight the artistic and creative prowess of participants but also serve as a platform for cultural expression and celebration. These competitions foster a sense of community and camaraderie among participants as they come together to showcase their passion for the Caribbean culture.
Caribana judges evaluate the costumes based on criteria such as creativity, craftsmanship, stage presence, and adherence to the theme. The winners of the costume competitions receive recognition, trophies, and the admiration of the audience, further inspiring future participants to push the boundaries of creativity and excellence.
The costume competitions at Caribana are not only a sight to behold but also a testament to the vibrancy, artistry, and cultural heritage of the Caribbean. They showcase the incredible talent and dedication of participants, making them an integral part of the immersive and captivating experience that Caribana offers.
Music and Performances
Music and performances are at the heart and soul of Caribana Festival, immersing attendees in the infectious rhythms and vibrant energy of the Caribbean. The festival offers a diverse lineup of artists and performances that span various genres and styles. Here’s a glimpse into the music and performances that make Caribana an unforgettable experience:
1. Soca and Reggae: Soca and reggae music form the pulsating soundtrack of Caribana. Soca, a lively genre that originated in Trinidad and Tobago, blends calypso, soul, and Latin influences to create a high-energy and infectious sound. Reggae, on the other hand, is synonymous with Jamaican culture and is characterized by its laid-back rhythms, deep basslines, and socially conscious lyrics. Both genres dominate the stages at Caribana, with live performances from renowned artists and upcoming talent.
2. International Headliners: Caribana attracts acclaimed international artists who bring their talent and charisma to the festival stages. Artists from the Caribbean and beyond grace the festival with their performances, captivating the audience with their dynamic stage presence and hit songs. From reggae legends to soca superstars, these headliners elevate the musical experience at Caribana, leaving the crowd electrified and craving for more.
3. Calypso and Steel Pan Performances: Calypso music, with its infectious melodies and clever lyrics, is a staple of Caribbean culture. During Caribana, attendees can enjoy live performances by seasoned calypso artists who entertain the crowd with their witty songs and captivating stage presence. Additionally, steel pan performances showcase the unique sound of the Caribbean steel drums. These mesmerizing performances highlight the skill and artistry required to create the enchanting melodies produced by striking the steel pans.
4. Caribbean Dance Troupes: Caribana features exhilarating dance performances by professional troupes who bring the energy and rhythm of the Caribbean to life. These skilled dancers showcase various dance forms, including traditional folk dances, dancehall, and soca-inspired routines. Their vibrant choreography and captivating movements reflect the essence of Caribbean culture, leaving the audience enthralled and compelled to join in the dance.
5. Live Band Performances: In addition to the headline acts, Caribana also features live band performances that infuse the festival with the raw energy and spontaneity of a live music experience. These bands, often comprising talented musicians with a deep understanding of Caribbean music traditions, deliver captivating performances that showcase the rich musical heritage of the region. Attendees can groove to the infectious beats and revel in the live music experience.
6. DJ Sets and Sound Systems: Caribana also celebrates the art of DJing, with a multitude of DJs and sound systems providing the ultimate party atmosphere. The DJ sets feature a mix of soca, reggae, dancehall, and other Caribbean genres, keeping the crowd energized and dancing throughout the festival. The booming sounds and expertly curated playlists create an electric atmosphere that perfectly complements the vibrant spirit of Caribana.
Music and performances are the lifeblood of Caribana Festival, captivating attendees and transporting them to the heart of the Caribbean. Whether it’s the rhythmic beats of soca music, the soul-stirring melodies of reggae, or the mesmerizing dance performances, the music and performances at Caribana promise an unforgettable experience that celebrates the cultural richness and artistic talent of the Caribbean.
Food and Drinks
Caribana Festival is a culinary paradise, showcasing the vibrant and flavorful cuisine of the Caribbean. From mouthwatering jerk chicken to delectable roti, the festival offers a tantalizing array of food and drinks that will satisfy every palate. Here’s a taste of the culinary delights that await you at Caribana:
1. Jerk Chicken: Nothing captures the essence of Caribbean cuisine quite like jerk chicken. Marinated in a flavorful blend of spices, including scotch bonnet peppers, allspice, and thyme, the chicken is then grilled to perfection, resulting in smoky and tender meat with a tantalizing kick. Juicy, spicy, and full of flavor, jerk chicken is a must-try at Caribana.
2. Roti: Roti is a savory Caribbean flatbread that is often filled with curried meat or vegetables. The dough is typically made with flour, water, and sometimes infused with spices. The fillings can vary, with popular options including curry chicken, beef, or chickpeas. The combination of tender meat or vegetables wrapped in a warm and soft roti makes it a delicious and satisfying meal option at the festival.
3. Doubles: Doubles, a beloved street food from Trinidad and Tobago, is a culinary delight that you can find at Caribana. It consists of two soft and fluffy fried breads known as bara, filled with curried chickpeas (channa) and topped with flavorful sauces and chutneys. Doubles are both tasty and filling, perfect for satisfying your cravings while exploring the festival.
4. Fresh Seafood: With its proximity to the ocean, the Caribbean is renowned for its fresh and flavorful seafood. Caribana offers a wide variety of seafood dishes, including grilled fish, shrimp, lobster, and conch. Whether you prefer it grilled, steamed, or fried, you’ll find an abundance of mouthwatering options to delight your taste buds and indulge in the coastal flavors of the Caribbean.
5. Tropical Fruits: Be sure to treat yourself to an array of tropical fruits during Caribana. From juicy mangoes to refreshing pineapple, these vibrant and flavorful fruits offer a refreshing and healthy option amidst the festivities. You can enjoy them as is or in various culinary creations, such as smoothies and fruit salads.
6. Rum Cocktails: Caribana wouldn’t be complete without the presence of rum, an iconic Caribbean spirit. The festival offers a wide selection of rum cocktails that are the perfect accompaniment to the festivities. From classic rum punches to innovative concoctions, you can sip on these tropical libations and imbibe the spirit of the Caribbean.
Caribana offers more than just delicious food and drinks; it provides an opportunity to experience the vibrant flavors and culinary traditions of the Caribbean. Whether you’re a food enthusiast or simply looking to delight your taste buds, the diverse and flavorful cuisine at Caribana will take you on a culinary journey that you won’t soon forget.
Street Parties and Nightlife
Caribana Festival brings the streets of Toronto to life with its vibrant street parties and electrifying nightlife. As the sun sets, the celebration continues with a lively atmosphere that pulsates with the infectious rhythms of Caribbean music. Here’s a glimpse into the street parties and nightlife that make Caribana an unforgettable experience:
1. King and Queen Street Party: Kickstarting the festival, the King and Queen Street Party sets the tone for the lively celebrations ahead. Thousands of revelers gather on the streets, dancing and grooving to soca, reggae, and dancehall music. The party atmosphere is electric, with DJs, live performances, and energetic dance troupes adding to the excitement. The streets become a stage, and everyone is invited to join in the revelry.
2. Pan Alive Steelpan Competition: The Pan Alive Steelpan Competition is a vibrant and thrilling event that takes place during Caribana. It showcases the artistry and skill of steelpan musicians, who form bands and compete to be crowned the Pan Alive champions. The competition takes place in the evening, filling the air with the enchanting melodies of the steel drums. Attendees can enjoy the performances, dance along, and immerse themselves in the rhythmic energy of the Caribbean.
3. Outdoor Concerts and Live Performances: Caribana features a lineup of outdoor concerts and live performances by renowned local and international artists. These performances take place at various venues and stages throughout the festival, including outdoor parks and designated music venues. Attendees can dance and sing along to their favorite tunes, immersing themselves in the captivating music and energetic performances that celebrate the Caribbean culture.
4. Club Events and After Parties: As the street parties wind down, the Caribana festivities continue into the late hours of the night with club events and after parties. Toronto’s vibrant nightlife scene comes alive during the festival, with clubs and venues hosting Caribbean-themed events and DJ sets. Attendees can continue to dance to the pulsating beats of soca, dancehall, and reggae, enjoying the vibrant atmosphere and mingling with fellow revelers until the early hours of the morning.
5. Caribbean Food and Drink Spots: As the night continues, Caribana-goers can explore the city’s culinary scene and indulge in delicious Caribbean cuisine at the various food spots that come alive during the festival. From late-night food trucks to Caribbean-inspired restaurants, attendees can savor the flavors of the region and experience the vibrant street food culture that complements the festive atmosphere.
6. After-Hours Events: For those seeking a unique and intimate experience, Caribana offers after-hours events that cater to a more select crowd. These events often include exclusive parties, private performances, and VIP experiences, allowing attendees to enjoy a more upscale and curated nightlife experience amidst the exuberance of the festival.
Caribana’s street parties and nightlife create an exhilarating experience that captures the essence of Caribbean culture and celebrates the festive spirit of the festival. From dancing in the streets to immersing oneself in live performances, Caribana’s nightlife offerings ensure that the celebrations continue long after the sun goes down.
Tips for Attending Caribana Festival
Attending Caribana Festival is an exciting and vibrant experience that requires some planning and preparation to make the most of this iconic celebration. Here are some tips to help you navigate and enjoy Caribana to the fullest:
1. Plan Ahead: Caribana spans several weeks, so plan your visit accordingly. Check the festival schedule and decide which events and activities you want to attend. Book accommodations in advance as hotels fill up quickly during this period.
2. Dress Comfortably: Caribana involves a lot of walking, dancing, and outdoor activities, so wear comfortable shoes and clothing. Opt for light and breathable fabrics to stay cool in the summer heat. Don’t forget to wear sunscreen and a hat to protect yourself from the sun.
3. Arrive Early for the Parade: The Caribana Parade is a major highlight of the festival, but it can get crowded. Arrive early to secure a good viewing spot along the parade route. Bring a blanket or folding chairs for added comfort.
4. Stay Hydrated: Caribana takes place during the summer months, and the festivities can be physically demanding. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water throughout the day. Carry a refillable water bottle to avoid purchasing single-use plastic bottles.
5. Try the Caribbean Cuisine: Caribana offers a fantastic opportunity to indulge in the flavors of Caribbean cuisine. Explore the food vendors and try traditional dishes like jerk chicken, roti, or doubles. Don’t miss out on the tropical fruits and refreshing beverages available.
6. Embrace the Cultural Experience: Caribana is not just about the music and parades; it’s a celebration of Caribbean culture. Take the time to explore the cultural exhibitions, workshops, and art displays. Engage with the artists and performers to learn more about their traditions and history.
7. Respect the Culture: Caribana is a celebration of diversity and inclusivity. Respect the cultural heritage of the Caribbean by being mindful of your actions and interactions. Ask for permission before taking photos, be courteous to others, and embrace the spirit of unity that Caribana embodies.
8. Stay Connected: Keep track of the festival updates and any changes to the schedule through official Caribana websites and social media channels. Follow hashtags related to Caribana to stay informed about the latest happenings and to join in on the conversation.
9. Be Open to New Experiences: Caribana offers a multitude of experiences, from music and dance to food and art. Embrace the diversity and be open to trying new things. Allow yourself to be immersed in the vibrant atmosphere and take in all that Caribana has to offer.
10. Have Fun and Dance: Above all, Caribana is a celebration meant to be enjoyed. Let loose, dance to the infectious soca and reggae beats, and revel in the joyful spirit of the festival. Embrace the energy and create unforgettable memories at Caribana.
By following these tips, you’ll be well-prepared to make the most of your experience at Caribana Festival. Enjoy the festivities, immerse yourself in the vibrant culture of the Caribbean, and create unforgettable memories that will last a lifetime.
Conclusion
Caribana Festival in Toronto is a true celebration of Caribbean culture, music, and food. Spanning several weeks, this vibrant and energetic event has become a beloved tradition that unites people from all walks of life. Whether you’re a local resident or a visitor to the city, Caribana offers an immersive and unforgettable experience that showcases the rich diversity and cultural heritage of the Caribbean.
With its roots dating back to 1967, Caribana has evolved into one of the largest Caribbean festivals in the world, attracting millions of attendees each year. The festival highlights the importance of unity, inclusivity, and cultural exchange, serving as a platform for Caribbean communities to share their traditions, creativity, and artistic talents.
From the colorful and extravagant costumes of the Grand Parade to the lively music performances and enticing aromas of Caribbean cuisine, Caribana offers something for everyone. The festival’s events and activities cater to different interests and age groups, ensuring that there’s never a dull moment.
Caribana’s significance extends beyond the festivities themselves. The festival contributes to the cultural fabric of Toronto, promoting diversity, understanding, and appreciation for Caribbean culture. It sparks economic growth and supports local businesses, while also providing a platform for emerging artists and performers to showcase their talents.
Attending Caribana requires planning and preparation, but the experience is well worth it. By following the tips provided, visitors can make the most of their time at the festival and immerse themselves in the vibrant and captivating atmosphere.
Caribana Festival is not just an event; it’s a symbol of unity, pride, and cultural exchange. It celebrates the Caribbean community’s rich heritage while embracing and sharing it with people from around the world. Caribana is a testament to the power of music, art, and cuisine to bring people together and create lasting memories.
So, whether you’re a fan of Caribbean music, a food enthusiast, or simply someone who appreciates the beauty of diverse cultures, Caribana awaits you with open arms. Experience the rhythm, indulge in the flavors, and immerse yourself in the vibrant culture of the Caribbean at this extraordinary festival in Toronto.
