Exploring Yogyakarta, Mt. Bromo & Other Tourist Attractions In Indonesia

Introduction

Welcome to Indonesia, a vibrant and diverse archipelago situated in Southeast Asia. With its rich cultural heritage, stunning landscapes, and warm hospitality, Indonesia has become a popular destination for travelers from around the world. From the bustling cities to the tranquil beaches, there is something for everyone to enjoy.

Indonesia is known for its stunning natural beauty, which includes picturesque mountains, lush rainforests, pristine beaches, and abundant wildlife. Whether you are an adventure seeker, a beach lover, a history enthusiast, or a nature lover, Indonesia offers a plethora of attractions and activities to cater to your interests.

One of the must-visit destinations in Indonesia is Yogyakarta, often called the cultural heartland of the country. Explore the ancient temples of Borobudur and Prambanan, immerse yourself in traditional Javanese culture, and witness captivating traditional performances.

If you are a nature enthusiast, a visit to Mount Bromo is a must. This majestic volcano, located in East Java, offers breathtaking sunrise views and a chance to hike up to its smoldering crater. The experience is truly awe-inspiring.

No trip to Indonesia would be complete without a visit to Bali, the famous island paradise. Known for its stunning beaches, vibrant nightlife, and spiritual energy, Bali has something for everyone. From surfing in Kuta to exploring the lush rice terraces of Ubud, Bali is a destination that will captivate your senses.

For those seeking a unique adventure, a trip to Komodo National Park is a must. Here, you can witness the iconic Komodo dragons in their natural habitat and explore the pristine coral reefs through snorkeling or diving.

Another gem for nature lovers is Raja Ampat, a remote archipelago located off the coast of West Papua. With its crystal-clear turquoise waters, vibrant coral reefs, and diverse marine life, Raja Ampat is a paradise for snorkelers and divers.

Indonesia is also home to the magnificent Borobudur Temple, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. This ancient Buddhist temple, located in Central Java, is a masterpiece of architecture and offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.

If you are looking for a unique experience, consider visiting Lake Toba, the largest volcanic lake in the world. Located in North Sumatra, Lake Toba is not only visually stunning but also has a rich cultural heritage with the Batak people inhabiting the surrounding areas.

For a glimpse of Indonesia’s cultural diversity in a single destination, visit Taman Mini Indonesia Indah in Jakarta. This theme park showcases the art, architecture, and traditions of Indonesia’s provinces, offering visitors a chance to experience the country’s rich cultural heritage in one place.

Finally, don’t miss the opportunity to explore Jakarta, the bustling capital city of Indonesia. From its modern skyscrapers to historical landmarks, Jakarta offers a taste of urban life in Indonesia. Explore the vibrant markets, indulge in delicious street food, and immerse yourself in the lively atmosphere of this cosmopolitan city.

With its diverse attractions and warm hospitality, Indonesia is a destination that will leave you with unforgettable memories. So pack your bags and get ready to explore the vibrant wonders of Indonesia!

Yogyakarta: The Cultural Hub

Yogyakarta, often referred to as Jogja, is a city located on the island of Java in Indonesia. Known for its cultural significance and historical heritage, Yogyakarta offers a captivating blend of traditional Javanese arts, history, and spirituality.

One of the main attractions in Yogyakarta is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Borobudur Temple. This ancient Buddhist temple is one of the largest and most well-preserved Buddhist monuments in the world. Built in the 9th century, Borobudur is adorned with intricate carvings and features nine stacked platforms, symbolizing the Buddhist concept of enlightenment. Visitors can explore the temple’s terraces, climb to the top, and witness the breathtaking sunrise or sunset.

Another iconic temple in Yogyakarta is Prambanan, a complex of Hindu temples dating back to the 9th century. Dedicated to the Trimurti, the three main Hindu deities—Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva—Prambanan showcases stunning architectural mastery and intricate stone carvings. The grandeur and spiritual significance of Prambanan make it a must-visit destination for history and culture enthusiasts.

In addition to its temples, Yogyakarta is known for its traditional arts and crafts. The city is a hub for batik, a traditional Indonesian textile art form. Visitors can explore batik workshops, witness the intricate process of creating batik patterns using wax-resist dyeing, and purchase unique batik fabrics or clothing as souvenirs.

For an immersive cultural experience, head to the Kraton, the royal palace of the Sultan of Yogyakarta. The Kraton showcases the rich traditions and customs of Javanese royalty, with its intricate architecture, royal artifacts, and traditional performances. Visitors can witness the enchanting dances, puppet shows, and gamelan music performances that reflect the heritage of the Javanese culture.

No visit to Yogyakarta is complete without experiencing the vibrant street art scene. The city is home to numerous street art murals and graffiti that depict various social and cultural themes. Take a walking tour around the city to discover the hidden gems and vibrant colors that adorn the streets.

Yogyakarta is also famous for its unique culinary delights. Indulge in a variety of local dishes, such as Gudeg, a traditional Javanese dish made from young jackfruit stewed in coconut milk and served with rice and chicken. Don’t miss the chance to try traditional Javanese desserts like Wedang Ronde, a warm ginger soup with glutinous rice balls filled with peanuts or mung bean paste.

With its rich cultural heritage, historical landmarks, traditional arts, and delicious cuisine, Yogyakarta offers a truly immersive and enriching cultural experience. Immerse yourself in the vibrant traditions of Java and create unforgettable memories in this city of art and culture.

Mount Bromo: The Majestic Volcano

Located in East Java, Mount Bromo is one of Indonesia’s most iconic and majestic volcanoes. Standing at a height of 2,329 meters (7,641 feet), Mount Bromo offers a breathtaking landscape of volcanic craters, mountain peaks, and picturesque sunrises.

For nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers, a sunrise hike to Mount Bromo is a must-do experience. The journey begins in the early hours of the morning as visitors make their way to the viewpoint at Mount Penanjakan. From here, they can witness the awe-inspiring sight of the sun rising over the horizon, casting a golden glow on the surrounding mountains and the vast Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park.

After enjoying the mesmerizing sunrise, visitors can continue their adventure by descending into the Sea of Sand, a vast plain dotted with volcanic ash. From there, a jeep ride will take them closer to the base of Mount Bromo. Alternatively, some visitors choose to hike to the volcano’s crater, taking in the panoramic views along the way.

Standing on the edge of Mount Bromo’s crater is a surreal experience. The volcano emits a constant stream of white smoke, creating an otherworldly atmosphere. The views from the crater’s edge encompass not only the active volcano but also the neighboring peaks of Mount Batok and Mount Semeru.

For those seeking an extra adrenaline rush, paragliding is a popular activity near Mount Bromo. Take flight from a nearby hill and soar above the stunning landscapes, capturing panoramic views of the volcano and its surroundings.

Aside from its natural beauty, Mount Bromo holds a cultural significance for the Tenggerese people, who have inhabited the region for centuries. Every year, the Tenggerese celebrate the Yadnya Kasada festival, a traditional ceremony held at the crater of Mount Bromo. During this event, worshippers offer crops, livestock, and other symbolic offerings to the gods of the mountain.

When visiting Mount Bromo, it is important to come prepared with warm clothing, as the temperatures at the higher altitudes can be chilly. It is also advisable to wear comfortable hiking shoes and bring a face mask to protect against the volcanic ash.

Whether you are an adventure enthusiast, a nature lover, or someone seeking a unique experience, Mount Bromo promises to leave you in awe of its ethereal beauty and natural wonders. Explore this majestic volcano and create memories that will last a lifetime.

Bali: The Island Paradise

Bali, often referred to as the Island of the Gods, is a tropical paradise nestled in the Indonesian archipelago. With its stunning landscapes, vibrant culture, and warm hospitality, Bali has become one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world.

One of the main attractions in Bali is its breathtaking beaches. From the famous Kuta Beach to the tranquil shores of Nusa Dua and the surfer’s paradise of Uluwatu, Bali offers a variety of beach experiences to suit different preferences. Whether you want to relax on the golden sands, catch some waves, or indulge in water sports, Bali’s beaches have something for everyone.

For those seeking tranquility and spiritual renewal, Bali is home to numerous temples and sacred sites. The iconic Tanah Lot Temple, perched on a rock formation by the sea, offers a mesmerizing sight during sunset. The cliffside Uluwatu Temple provides not only spiritual significance but also stunning panoramic views of the Indian Ocean.

Ubud, located in the highlands of Bali, is known as the cultural heart of the island. It offers a perfect blend of art, traditional crafts, and lush green landscapes. Visit the Ubud Monkey Forest, where you can observe mischievous monkeys and explore Hindu temples within the sanctuary.

Bali is also renowned for its traditional arts and crafts. The island is dotted with art villages where you can witness talented artisans creating intricate woodcarvings, stunning silver jewelry, and beautiful Batik textiles. Don’t miss the chance to watch traditional Balinese dance performances, which depict ancient myths and legends.

The rice terraces of Bali are a sight to behold. The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Tegalalang Rice Terrace in Ubud showcases the intricate subak irrigation system and picturesque views of emerald-green rice paddies. Take a leisurely stroll or go on a cycling tour to immerse yourself in the beauty of Bali’s terraced landscapes.

For nature enthusiasts, a visit to Bali’s lush interior is a must. Trek through the magnificent forests of Mount Batur, an active volcano, and enjoy panoramic views from its summit. Explore the serene surroundings of the Sacred Monkey Forest Sanctuary in Ubud, where you can witness playful monkeys and discover hidden temples.

Bali is also a paradise for food lovers. Indulge in a gastronomic adventure, sampling traditional Balinese cuisine such as Nasi Goreng (fried rice), Babi Guling (suckling pig), and Sate Lilit (grilled minced meat skewers). The island also offers a vibrant dining scene with a wide array of international and fusion cuisines.

With its stunning landscapes, vibrant culture, and warm hospitality, Bali truly lives up to its reputation as an island paradise. Whether you are seeking relaxation, adventure, or spiritual enlightenment, Bali offers an unforgettable experience that will leave you captivated and longing to return.

Komodo National Park: Home of the Komodo Dragons

Komodo National Park, located in the eastern part of Indonesia, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a sanctuary for the legendary Komodo dragons. This unique destination offers a rare opportunity to witness these fascinating reptiles in their natural habitat, as well as explore the stunning landscapes and vibrant marine life of the surrounding islands.

The Komodo dragon, the largest living species of lizard, is the main attraction of the national park. These impressive creatures can reach a length of up to 10 feet and weigh over 150 pounds. Observing them up close in their natural environment is a truly awe-inspiring experience.

Visitors to Komodo National Park can embark on guided tours or hiking trails led by park rangers. These knowledgeable guides provide insights into the behavior and biology of the Komodo dragons, ensuring a safe and informative experience.

Aside from the Komodo dragons, the national park is also renowned for its breathtaking landscapes. The islands within the park are characterized by rolling hills, pristine beaches, and stunning viewpoints, offering picture-perfect opportunities for nature lovers and photographers.

One of the must-visit spots within the park is Padar Island. The island is famous for its panoramic viewpoint, which offers a mesmerizing vista of the surrounding islands and azure blue waters. A hike to the top of Padar Island is rewarded with a breathtaking sunrise or sunset view, making it an unforgettable experience.

There are also opportunities to explore the underwater world surrounding Komodo National Park. The park is home to vibrant coral reefs, making it a prime location for snorkeling and diving. Witness the spectacular marine biodiversity, swim alongside colorful fish, and discover untouched coral gardens.

For those seeking even more adventure, Komodo National Park offers opportunities for kayaking, sailing, and camping. Visitors can kayak through the secluded coves and crystal-clear waters, sail through the breathtaking archipelago, or camp under the stars on uninhabited islands.

It is important to note that due to the protected status of the Komodo dragons and their habitat, visitors must follow strict guidelines and regulations when visiting the national park. This ensures the safety of both visitors and the unique wildlife of Komodo National Park.

Embark on a journey to Komodo National Park and immerse yourself in the awe-inspiring world of the Komodo dragons. Explore stunning landscapes, experience vibrant marine life, and create memories that will last a lifetime in this extraordinary destination.

Raja Ampat: The Marine Paradise

Situated off the coast of West Papua in Indonesia, Raja Ampat is a true marine paradise. With its crystal-clear turquoise waters, pristine coral reefs, and unparalleled biodiversity, Raja Ampat is a dream destination for divers and nature enthusiasts.

Raja Ampat is home to the world’s most diverse marine life, making it a bucket-list destination for underwater explorers. The region boasts over 1,500 species of fish, 600 species of coral, and countless other marine creatures. Snorkelers and divers can witness the mesmerizing beauty of vibrant coral gardens, encounter schools of tropical fish, and even spot gentle manta rays and majestic whale sharks.

The stunning landscapes above water are equally breathtaking. Raja Ampat is an archipelago comprising of over 1,500 small islands, many of which are covered in lush green foliage and dotted with pristine white sandy beaches. The scenery is simply unparalleled, creating a perfect backdrop for relaxation and exploration.

One of the iconic spots in Raja Ampat is Wayag Island. Its distinct mushroom-shaped limestone karsts and breathtaking viewpoints offer postcard-worthy photo opportunities. Trek to the top of the karsts and witness the panoramic view of the surrounding islands, turquoise waters, and the mesmerizing shades of blue.

The remote and untouched nature of Raja Ampat also means that it offers a sense of seclusion and tranquility. The absence of large crowds allows visitors to fully immerse themselves in the natural wonders and experience the true beauty of the underwater world.

Responsible tourism is highly encouraged in Raja Ampat, as the fragile marine ecosystem needs to be preserved for future generations. Visitors are urged to practice sustainable diving and snorkeling methods, such as not touching the coral reefs and properly disposing of litter.

Whether you are an experienced diver, a snorkeler, or simply a nature lover, Raja Ampat promises a once-in-a-lifetime experience. Immerse yourself in the stunning marine life, explore the pristine islands, and create unforgettable memories in this unparalleled marine paradise.

Borobudur Temple: Ancient Wonder of the World

Borobudur Temple, located in Central Java, is an iconic masterpiece of Buddhist architecture and a testament to Indonesia’s rich cultural heritage. This ancient wonder of the world attracts travelers from all corners of the globe with its awe-inspiring beauty and historical significance.

Constructed in the 9th century, Borobudur Temple is the largest Buddhist temple complex in the world. It was built in the shape of a mandala, representing the Buddhist universe, and is adorned with intricate stone carvings that tell the story of Buddhist teachings and Javanese history.

Consisting of nine stacked platforms and crowned by a central dome, Borobudur stands as a symbol of enlightenment and spiritual journey. Visitors can explore each platform, ascending through the levels, and witness the stunning relief panels that depict scenes from Buddhist scriptures, illustrating the path to enlightenment.

At sunrise or sunset, the mystical atmosphere of Borobudur is heightened. The sight of the sun casting its gentle rays over the temple and the surrounding volcanic landscapes creates a truly magical experience. Many visitors choose to climb to the top of the temple during these hours to witness the breathtaking view and capture unforgettable photographs.

Borobudur Temple is not only a religious site but also a center for pilgrimage and spiritual practice. Buddhists from around the world travel to Borobudur to participate in rituals and ceremonies, offering prayers and seeking blessings from the enlightened ones.

The temple’s intricate carvings and architectural design reflect the blending of Buddhist and indigenous Javanese art, making it a unique cultural gem. The skill and craftsmanship of the ancient builders are evident in the delicate details of the stone reliefs, which depict scenes of daily life, celestial beings, and mythical creatures.

Borobudur Temple was rediscovered in the 19th century and underwent extensive restoration efforts to restore its former glory. Today, it stands as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and an enduring symbol of Indonesia’s rich cultural legacy.

Visiting Borobudur Temple is not just an opportunity to witness a magnificent architectural marvel. It offers a chance to delve into the realms of ancient history, immerse oneself in the spiritual teachings of Buddhism, and appreciate the beauty that emerged from the merging of different cultures.

Exploring Borobudur Temple is an unforgettable journey back in time, a pilgrimage for the soul, and an encounter with the profound wisdom that has shaped humanity for centuries. It is an experience that ignites wonder, reverence, and appreciation for the cultural treasures that Indonesia has to offer.

Lake Toba: The Largest Volcanic Lake in the World

Located in North Sumatra, Lake Toba is a natural wonder and the largest volcanic lake in the world. Formed by a massive volcanic eruption over 70,000 years ago, Lake Toba is not only a stunning sight to behold but also a destination rich in cultural heritage and natural attractions.

Spanning over 1,145 square kilometers (442 square miles), Lake Toba offers breathtaking views of crystal-clear waters surrounded by lush green hills and majestic mountains. The serene atmosphere and cool climate of the area make it a perfect retreat for relaxation and escape from the bustling city life.

One of the main attractions of Lake Toba is Samosir Island, a large volcanic island situated in the middle of the lake. Samosir Island is known for its distinct Batak culture and traditional villages. Visitors can immerse themselves in the local culture, witness traditional dances and music performances, and explore the unique Batak architecture.

Traditional Batak houses, called “Rumah Bolon,” can be found on the island. These traditional wooden houses exhibit intricate carvings and are adorned with symbolic decorations. Visitors can enter these houses and learn about the rich traditions and customs of the Batak people.

A visit to Lake Toba is incomplete without exploring the lush surrounding landscapes. Take a scenic drive or hike up to one of the viewpoint hills, such as Tele or Sipiso-piso waterfall, and admire the panoramic vistas of the lake and its surroundings. Enjoy the cool breeze and the mesmerizing beauty of the volcanic landscapes.

For nature enthusiasts, Lake Toba offers opportunities for boating, fishing, and swimming in its pristine waters. Explore the lake on a traditional wooden boat, known as a “jukung,” and witness the vibrant marine life that inhabits the lake.

Make sure to indulge in the local cuisine while visiting Lake Toba. Try traditional Batak dishes such as “saksang,” a savory pork dish with spices, or “naniura,” a traditional fish dish seasoned with lime juice and spices. The Batak cuisine offers a unique and flavorful culinary experience.

Immerse yourself in the tranquil beauty and cultural heritage of Lake Toba. Connect with the welcoming Batak community, witness the breathtaking landscapes, and embark on a journey of exploration and relaxation in this stunning destination.

Taman Mini Indonesia Indah: A Glimpse of Indonesia’s Diversity

Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, located in Jakarta, is a cultural theme park that offers visitors a unique and immersive experience of Indonesia’s rich and diverse heritage. Spanning over 100 hectares, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah showcases the art, architecture, traditions, and cultural diversity of Indonesia’s 34 provinces.

Visitors to Taman Mini Indonesia Indah can explore the park’s various pavilions, each representing a different province of the country. These pavilions are designed to mimic the traditional architecture and cultural attributes of each region, providing an authentic glimpse into the diversity of Indonesian culture.

Within the park, visitors can witness traditional dances and music performances, showcasing the vibrant artistic traditions of Indonesia. From the graceful movements of Javanese dance to the spirited beats of Balinese gamelan, these performances provide a captivating insight into the rich cultural heritage of the nation.

One of the highlights of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah is the Museum Indonesia, which houses a vast collection of artifacts and displays that depict the history, culture, and traditions of the Indonesian archipelago. The museum offers a comprehensive overview of the country’s diverse ethnic groups, their traditional crafts, and significant historical events.

The park also features recreational facilities, such as a lake where visitors can rent paddleboats and enjoy the serene surroundings. There is also a cable car ride that provides a bird’s-eye view of the sprawling park, allowing visitors to appreciate its vastness and beauty.

Throughout the park, visitors can savor the diverse culinary delights of Indonesia. The park’s restaurants and street food stalls offer a wide range of traditional Indonesian cuisines from different regions, allowing visitors to indulge in dishes such as nasi goreng (fried rice), sate (grilled skewers), and gado-gado (vegetable salad with peanut sauce).

Taman Mini Indonesia Indah not only showcases the cultural diversity of Indonesia but also aims to educate visitors about the country’s flora, fauna, and natural landscapes. A beautiful orchid garden, a deer park, and a bird park are among the attractions that provide opportunities to appreciate Indonesia’s natural beauty.

Whether you are a history enthusiast, a culture buff, or simply curious about Indonesia’s diverse heritage, a visit to Taman Mini Indonesia Indah offers an immersive and educational experience. It is a place where visitors can gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of Indonesia’s rich cultural tapestry, all in one enchanting setting.

Jakarta: The Bustling Capital City

Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, is a vibrant and bustling metropolis that offers a unique blend of tradition and modernity. With its towering skyscrapers, bustling markets, and rich cultural heritage, Jakarta is a city that never fails to captivate visitors.

As the economic and political center of the country, Jakarta is a melting pot of cultures and ethnicities. From traditional Betawi culture to influences from Chinese, Indian, and Arab communities, Jakarta is a true reflection of Indonesia’s diversity.

One of the highlights of Jakarta is its diverse culinary scene. From street food stalls to upscale restaurants, the city offers a wide array of flavors and dishes to tantalize your taste buds. Indulge in Jakarta’s renowned street food, such as nasi goreng (fried rice), soto betawi (beef soup), and kerak telor (spicy omelet).

For history enthusiasts, Jakarta is home to several historical landmarks. Visit Kota Tua (Old Town), the colonial heart of the city, where you can explore well-preserved Dutch-era buildings, museums, and art galleries. Don’t miss Fatahillah Square, a bustling plaza surrounded by historical structures that offer a glimpse into Jakarta’s past.

For a taste of Jakarta’s vibrant culture, visit the National Museum that houses an extensive collection of Indonesian artifacts and artworks. The museum provides a comprehensive overview of the country’s history and showcases the diverse cultural heritage of Indonesia.

Shopping enthusiasts will find their paradise in Jakarta. The city boasts numerous shopping malls, from upscale designer brands to traditional markets. Visit Grand Indonesia or Plaza Indonesia for luxury shopping, or explore the colorful and bustling markets like Tanah Abang and Pasar Baru for unique local finds.

Jakarta is not just a concrete jungle, as it also offers green spaces where you can escape the city’s hustle and bustle. Taman Mini Indonesia Indah is a cultural and recreational park that showcases Indonesia’s diverse heritage. Enjoy the tranquil beauty of Ragunan Zoo, a haven for animal lovers featuring various species of animals and lush landscapes.

Experience Jakarta’s vibrant nightlife by visiting the trendy districts of Kemang, Menteng, and SCBD. Enjoy live music, dance the night away in stylish clubs, or relax in trendy rooftop bars offering stunning views of the city skyline.

Jakarta also serves as a gateway to the Thousand Islands, a group of tropical islands located in Jakarta Bay. Take a quick boat ride and immerse yourself in the pristine beaches, snorkel in crystal-clear waters, or simply bask in the sun on white sandy shores.

With its dynamic energy, rich culture, and diverse attractions, Jakarta offers a glimpse into modern Indonesia while still maintaining its traditional roots. Explore the city’s historical landmarks, savor its delectable cuisines, indulge in shopping sprees, and uncover the charms of this vibrant capital city.

Conclusion

Indonesia is a country that truly has it all. From the cultural hub of Yogyakarta to the majestic Mount Bromo, the breathtaking beaches of Bali to the captivating Komodo National Park, the diverse wonders of Raja Ampat to the ancient Borobudur Temple, and the tranquil beauty of Lake Toba to the cultural immersion of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Indonesia offers a wealth of experiences for travelers.

Whether you are seeking adventure, relaxation, cultural exploration, or natural beauty, Indonesia has something to offer every kind of traveler. Immerse yourself in the rich heritage and warm hospitality of the Indonesian people, indulge in delicious cuisine, and marvel at the stunning landscapes and vibrant marine life that make this archipelago nation a true paradise.

While each destination in Indonesia has its own unique charm, a trip to Indonesia would not be complete without experiencing the bustling capital city of Jakarta. Get a taste of modernity mixed with tradition as you explore historical landmarks, indulge in diverse culinary delights, and immerse yourself in the vibrant culture of this cosmopolitan city.

With its diverse attractions and warm hospitality, Indonesia is a destination that will leave you with unforgettable memories. So pack your bags, embrace the adventure, and get ready to explore the vibrant wonders of Indonesia – a vibrant tapestry of nature, culture, history, and experiences that will leave you in awe.

As you plan your journey through Indonesia, remember to respect the local customs and traditions, practice responsible tourism, and immerse yourself in the rich culture that makes this beautiful country unique. Whether you are exploring ancient temples, diving into pristine waters, hiking through lush landscapes, or indulging in local delicacies, let your journey in Indonesia be a harmonious blend of discovery, appreciation, and respect for this captivating nation.